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When appearance and motion disagree: evaluating class--motion consistency against disguised uncrewed surface vessels

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Summary

Researchers evaluated whether maritime defense systems can separate uncrewed surface vessels from benign craft using shore cameras and radar. They found adversarial hull patches suppress detection in up to 29% of attempts without causing benign misclassification, while physical disguise can bypass both camera and radar checks. An asset-relative closing-rate check flagged 94-95% of recreational-labeled direct run-in attacks within 4 nautical miles at 15-20 knots, versus 12% for a track-only speed check, with a 4.9% overall held-out false-alarm rate (12.3% on recreational traffic).